Develop tools and technology to adapt our environment to meet our needs and improve life.
Has improved health for the developed world
- Relationship between engineering and societal needs,
- Engineering has influenced water systems in our lives,
- Engineering solution related to water from an ethical viewpoint.
invent and innovate when we are confronted with problems, needs, and desires.
Petroski (2004) said, “Making things is an activity as old as civilization, and making ever new things is part of being human.”
Engineering is the design, analysis, and creation of things that are practical and useful in our lives.
Creating something that has not existed before.
basics of water, food, and shelter.
The National Academy of Engineering (NAE) has identified the top twenty engineering achievements of the twentieth century(http://www.greatachievements.org/).
Engineering
water supply and distribution.
lean water to your home requires treatment and distribution
Maintaining water quality and distributing water increased consumption of goods increased demand for land, energy, and materials
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Gates Foundation
engineering achievements increased the standard of living
alleviate poverty and raise the standard of living reduce the risk and level of unwanted disturbances to natural resources
Water is a common substance.
I It is a life-giving natural resource.
Seventy-one percent of the earth’s surface is covered in water, most of which is salt water
Water is one can be found occurring naturally in all three states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapor).
Water for future populations challenge that will require engineering.
Water is used by industry, agriculture, and homes.
there are many places in the world where water supply is limited.
Water serves as a carrier or transmitter of many diseases.
These diseases epidemics and can be quite catastrophic.
A large part of water engineering is maintaining water quality
making water safe for drinking
water engineering transporting water from its source
water engineering transporting water from its source
In 1854, hundreds of people living in London died during a cholera epidemic.
the intervention of Dr. John Snow (b. 1813–d. 1858), who carefully mapped the number of deaths that occurred around water sources,
London
London
worked with other officials to remove its handle, the cholera epidemic of 1854 in London would have been more widespread.
that sewage was contaminating the water source
unclean water carries bacteria that cause disease.
We value clean water.
cholera infection can be avoided by drinking clean water.
engineering solutions related to water supply and sanitation; management of water treatment and distribution systems
energy production dams for hydroelectric power.
events such as flooding caused by natural and human activities.
The Roman aqueducts that supplied Rome and other cities with drinking water between and are one example of this.
Aqueducts
Aqueducts
engineering - the developed access to safe drinking water.
In general, a water quality standard consists of four basic elements (EPA):
- Designated uses of the water body (e.g., recreation, water supply, aquatic life, agriculture).
- Water quality criteria to protect designated uses (numeric pollutant concentrations and narrative requirements).
- An antidegradation policy to maintain and protect existing uses and high-quality waters.
- General policies addressing implementation issues (e.g., low flows, variances, mixing zones).
In many urban and rural areas, water also comes from ground water that is pumped from a well.
Wells provide water from aquifers, which are natural water reservoirs under the earth’s surface. Aquifers may lie under parts of several states or may only be a few miles wide.
Before the water is delivered to our homes, the water is treated. The treatment of drinking water that is most common is disinfection.
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