5.1: About This Chapter
Engineering is the application of the principles of mathematics and science to
the creation or modification of components, systems, and processes
(which are often referred to as a product or an artifact)
Engineers use a series of logical steps (the engineering design process)
to create such artifacts which represent a balance between
Quality
Performance
Cost
Connections of math and science to engineering and the need to succeed in the study
of those subjects for a professional career in engineering.
The goals and the nature of the fields of
Science
Mathematics
Engineering
Case History: How Math, Science, and Engineering Led to the First Pocket Radio
Regency TR-1
The world’s first “pocket” radio. four transistors,, weighs 12 ounces, and you could
slip it into your pocket.
more convenient than vacuum tube portable radios bigger, bulkier, and heavier than
RCA 66BX, a six-tube portable radio that weighed 3 pounds and was in size
Transistor radio December 14, 1900,
German physicist Max Planck
an atom’s electrons behaved with a new theory called quantum mechanics.
Mathematical model was developed for this theory
Equation called Schrödinger’s equation.
Science and mathematics directed application in electrical devices Bell Labs invent a
solid-state device
October 16, 1947, physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley,
applied the mathematics and science of quantum physics to semiconductors to invent
the world’s first transistor.
Could amplify a weak electronic signal 18 times over a wide range of frequencies.
They received the Nobel Prize in 1956.
AT&T Bell Labs - first transistor
The "Transistor" which was Invented By Bell Telephone Laboratories in Dec 1947,
and was one the the "Greatest" developments of the 20th century. This important
discovery and invention, was the start of the semiconductor revolution and which
lead us into the modern computer and information age. The name "Transistor" was
derived from a combination of words, which were TRANSconductance and varISTOR.
Bell Labs had filed for patent (2,524,035) on this
"Transistor" invention on June 17, 1948 and was issued a Patent on Oct 3, 1950.
Walter Brattain and John Bardeen had developed and Invented the germanium
Point-Contact Transistor, while working at Bell Telephone Laboratories.
Walter Brattain had first demonstrated its "New" Transistor Invention on
Dec 23rd, 1947, for a team of Bell Labs management personnel and officials.
And Bell Labs had officially announced its "New" Transistor Invention at a Press
Conference that was held on June 30, 1948.
William Shockley was in charge of the Semiconductor Research Department,
but his name was never put on the original "Transistor" patent. But, William
Shockley had developed and Invented the germanium Junction Transistor and
applied for a patent shortly afterwards, which was an improvement over the
original germanium Point-Contact Transistor. Bell Labs had filed for a patent
(2,569,347) for this Junction Transistor on June 26, 1948 and was issued a
Patent on Sept 25, 1951. And Bell Labs held an official Press Conference on
July 4, 1951, for the invention of the "New" Junction Transistor.
And in 1956, all three Bell Labs scientists (William Shockley, Walter Brattain,
and John Bardeen) had won the Nobel Prize in physics, for the invention of the
"Transistor".
Also, see my other Youtube video , which is listed below ......
World's First All-Transistor car radio - Produced by Chrysler and Philco 1955 -Car Radios
Texas Instruments processing techniques to make semiconductor material
for transistors
engineers used the design process to design, develop, and fabricate the world's
first pocket radio.
knowledge from their education on physics, mathematics, engineering science and
electrical engineering to design a small radio;
The understanding of quantum physics, and the mathematical modeling promoted the
insights on the electrical behavior of semiconducting materials.
Bell Labs searching for a solution to the well-defined problem of poor electrical
behavior of vacuum tubes that led the team to invent the transistor.
materials engineers at Texas Instruments were able to produce transistors in quantity
so that another team of electrical engineers at IDEA could design, develop, and
manufacture that first pocket radio.
What Is Engineering?
Engineering creates valued products (pocket radio).
analyzing a need and applying knowledge of math and science
the engineering design process to develop a solution
A knowledge of science helps the engineer understand the problem
develop approaches for solution.
Math is used l to create mathematical models
a tool to evaluate the merit of different possible solutions.
ABET, an organization engineering programs,
“Engineering design is the process of devising a system, component, or process
to meet desired needs. It is a decision-making process , in which the basic sciences,
mathematics, and the engineering sciences are applied to convert resources
optimally to meet these stated needs.”
“Engineers apply the principles of science and math to develop economical solutions to
technical problems. Their work is the link between perceived social needs and
commercial application.”
engineering use math and science throughout steps of the engineering design process.
critical to creating a high-quality solution to a need and product of the process.
high-quality product of an effective design process (is taken for granted, such as a
bridge standing for decades or centuries with no problems.
Such a situation is illustrated with the Golden Gate Bridge, which has stood for more
than seven decades since it was opened on May 27, 1937
When an inferior solution comes out of a flawed design process, catastrophe may
result, and a bridge may collapse with possible loss of lives.
Such an occurrence is illustrated below by the Tacoma Narrows Bridge Collapse
On November 11, 1940, this bridge, located at Puget Sound, Washington,
began swaying strongly in the wind and eventually broke up due to the resonance of
the bridge which twisted until it broke up.
mathematical tools available to analyze for waves and resonance of structures,
but they were not applied in the design process of the bridge.
it demonstrates the importance and need to broadly explore and utilize mathematics
and science appropriate to the engineering design problem at hand.
There have been many other disasters that occurred because of a flawed
design process. One is the consecutive crashes of two British Comet jets in 1954.
What Is Science?
science as a process by which humans try to understand how the natural world
works and how it came to be that way.
The branches of science most frequently used by engineers include
Physics
Chemistry
Biology.
undergraduate engineering programs require students to take
foundational courses in those subjects.
Although more than half of the surface of the earth is covered with water, it is
not accessible to plants, animals, or humans because of its % salt content.
Chemistry tells us that there are many ways to desalinate water.
One of the ways that water can be purified is by evaporation and condensation,
which leaves the impurities in the original water.
Freezing water the ice leaves the impurities behind in the unfrozen liquid.
Certain pore sizes of molecular membranes will allow water to diffuse through
the membrane under pressure while leaving behind larger complexes of sodium
and chlorine.
What Is Mathematics?
Math is utilized in a variety of ways within many fields of engineering.
The most crucial aspects of math within this field involve cost–benefit–risk analysis
and the use of mathematical models.
“Mathematical models may include a set of rules and instructions that specifies
precisely a series of steps to be taken, whether the steps are arithmetic, logical, or
geometric.
mathematical model that fits a phenomenon over a small range of conditions ...
but it may not fit well over a wide range.”
the use of mathematical models is an invaluable aspect of the engineering
design process, as well as how these models would be applied to various steps
within this process.
engineering require an advanced knowledge of,math skills
algebra
calculus
geometry
measurements
tables and graphic representations of results
mathematical formulas
time lines
College Courses
Complete a year of college math and physics (about 10 courses).
Fundamental science courses (Chemistry, Biology, Physics)
math courses (Calculus I, II, III and Differential Equations).
Minimum level required for engineers but specific engineering disciplines
may require more.
Engineering science courses where the understandings of math and science are
directed toward broad applied science and math courses.
Circuits, Statics, Dynamics, Fluids, Materials, Thermodynamics, and Statistics.
Chemistry and differential equations used in Engineering Thermodynamics.
Science and Mathematics Courses Connected to Engineering
Engineering Science course of Fluids is typically taken by Chemical, Mechanical,
Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering students.
Principles of Fluids apply to
fluid flow of air for airplanes
flow of gasses in internal combustion engines
blood flow in humans
flow of chemicals in chemical processing plants
Engineering Science courses.
Physics. Physics is the science of matter and the interaction of matter. It describes and
predicts phenomena about matter, movement and forces, space and time, and other
features of the natural world.
Chemistry. Chemistry is the science of the phenomena about composition, structure, and
properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions,
especially as related to various atoms, molecules, crystals, and other aggregates
of matter.
Biology and Biological Sciences. Biology is the science of living organisms that describes and predicts phenomena
related to the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living
things as well as the interactions they have with each other and with the natural
environment.
Calculus. Calculus is the mathematics of change which includes the study of limits, derivatives,
integrals, and infinite series; many disciplines in engineering address problems that
must be solved by differential calculus and integral calculus.
Differential Equations. Differential equations are equations with variables that relate the values of the
function itself to its derivatives of various orders. Differential equations are used
for engineering applications where changing quantities modeled by functions and
their rates of change expressed as derivatives are known or postulated giving solutions
that are dependent on boundary conditions.
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